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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people with ADHD are prescribed medication. It can ease symptoms, but it can cause adverse side effects. If you have adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed type of prescription medication healthcare providers prescribe for ADHD. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant that is the first choice to treat ADHD in both children and adults is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity in brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can aid people suffering from Narcolepsy to remain awake and improve their ability focus and pay attention. This medication has a very high potential for abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as recommended can decrease the chance for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also cause worse behavioral problems and tics in certain people suffering from Tourette's syndrome or bipolar disorder. People with these conditions should consult their doctor before starting this medication. Inform your doctor if you are any other health issues or if you're allergic to dyes or foods. (For instance tartrazine is a yellow dye that can be found in some processed food and some medications. If you're on Adhansia, XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other medications, including opioids antidepressants and monoamine oxide inhibitors, like isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, Phenelzine (Nardil) and rasagiline (Azilect) selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). It's also important to stay clear of alcohol and other stimulant drugs when taking methylphenidate. These drugs can cause a negative effect on your heart rate and blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablet with immediate release (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule with a long-acting mechanism and chewable tablet (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT) and chewable tablets with a long-acting mechanism (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR -ODT), contain Phenylalanine. This can be dangerous when a genetic condition such as phenylketonuria occurs. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug works on the brain and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that manifests in the fall and winter months. It is also used to help people stop smoking by reducing the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been found to improve ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The fixed effect RR pooled for week-6 improvements (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equates to 52% of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion may cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions several different medications, including sedatives, antidepressants and some blood pressure medications. It may also increase the risk of seizure in people who have an history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is also contraindicated for use by people with certain medical conditions. It should not be taken by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available as Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (abbreviated TCAs) are a group of medications that affect the brain's chemical. They were among the first antidepressants that were created, and even though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression, they can still be effective for some patients suffering from other ailments. They block the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, increasing their availability within neurons. They can also be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia and the phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are administered on their own or in combination with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms, and can reduce depression, anxiety and impulsiveness. They can also aid in managing tics. These are uncontrollable repetitive actions or sounds like blinking or throat clearing. TCAs can cause adverse effects, like dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. They also increase the risk of heart issues. These medications can interfere with other medications like anticholinergics and should not be taken by pregnant women. These drugs can also cause teratogenic effects in animals and can cross the placenta. If you are concerned consult your physician, as there are newer antidepressants that have a less harmful side-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs are antidepressants that inhibit serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and decrease impulsive behavior. They are used as adhd medications because they reduce symptoms in some people and may be beneficial alongside other medication. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the body, however they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in variable blood levels. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia-nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause a rare side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is crucial to discuss this with your doctor if you are considering taking one of these medications. A lot of people must try a few different types of ADHD medication before they find the one that is suitable for them. Research and development of new medications is ongoing. It is crucial to inform your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). If stimulant drugs aren't effective for adults suffering from ADHD, doctors often prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These drugs increase levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also aid in improving mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs are similar to TCAs however they are less risky and have fewer side effects. They are used to treat numerous ailments, including anxiety disorders and long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain which is a normal procedure following neurotransmission. This results in a larger-than-normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased levels of norepinephrine help improve concentration and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD However, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally in the form of pills, but they can also be used in the form of patches or liquids. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It doesn't have a potential for abuse and therefore is not classified as a controlled substance. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used for depression and anxiety disorders but they can also help manage ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine or venlafaxine have been shown in several studies to significantly reduce scores on a variety of ADHD tests. SNRIs can increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. It is important to consult with a physician prior taking these medications. Furthermore, improperly discarded adhd medications for adults I Am Psychiatry could cause harm to animals and people, so it is important to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors can prescribe them without a prescription. They are safe and effective, as well as having fewer adverse effects than stimulants. Consult your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs can raise the levels of serotonin as well as norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for all. Women who are pregnant or nursing should not take SNRIs because they can be absorbed through breast milk. Those who suffer from high blood pressure or liver problems should not take them, either, as they can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help them increase their concentration and focus. Some might also notice a decrease in impulsive behavior. The medication is usually used with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to manage their symptoms. It takes time to determine the appropriate dosage and medication for each person. During this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to find the optimal balance of benefits and adverse effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate can increase the activity of a certain brain chemical that control memory and concentration. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, however, they may have serious side effects, such as a decrease in appetite and difficulty sleeping. These side effects typically disappear within some weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medicines are also available for children and adults. They may take longer to effect their effects, but they can improve impulse control and concentration. They can include alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants are also effective for treating ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter found in the brain that helps with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” however, drug companies developed extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.